Hearing, self-motion perception, mobility, and aging

doi:10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.025

Hearing Research

Volume 369, November 2018, Pages 42-55

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.025 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Auditory cues can be used to perceive self-motion and can affect mobility-related behaviors (balance, walking, driving).
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Age-related hearing loss affects the processing of auditory inputs that are used to perceive self-motion.
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Hearing loss in older adults is associated with mobility problems and increased incidence of falls.
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Poorer self-motion perception, increased cognitive load, vestibular loss, social isolation may underlie these associations .
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It remains unclear how/whether hearing interventions such as hearing aids result in safer mobility.

Abstract

Hearing helps us know where we are relative to important events and objects in our environment and it allows us to track our changing position dynamically over space and time. Auditory cues are used in combination with other sensory inputs (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive) to help us perceive our own movements through space, known as self-motion perception. Whether we are maintaining standing balance, walking, or driving, audition can provide unique and important information to help optimize self-motion perception, and consequently to support safe mobility. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies have provided evidence that hearing loss is associated with greater walking difficulties, poorer overall physical functioning, and a significantly increased risk of falling in older adults. Importantly, the mechanisms underlying the associations between hearing status and mobility are poorly understood. It is also critical to consider that age-related hearing loss is often concomitant with declines in other sensory, motor, and cognitive functions and that these declines may interact, particularly during realistic, everyday tasks. Overall, exploring the role of auditory cues and the effects of hearing loss on self-motion perception specifically, and mobility more generally, are important to both building fundamental knowledge about the perceptual processes underlying the ability to perceive our movements through space, as well as to optimizing mobility-related interventions for those with hearing loss so that they can function better when confronted by everyday, real-world, sensory-motor challenges. The goal of this paper is to explore the role of hearing in self-motion perception across a range of mobility-related behaviors. First, we briefly review the ways in which auditory cues are used to perceive self-motion and how sound inputs affect behaviors such as standing balance, walking, and driving. Next, we consider age-related changes in auditory self-motion perception and the potential consequences to performance on mobility-related tasks. We then describe how hearing loss is associated with declines in mobility-related abilities and increased adverse outcomes such as falls. We describe age-related changes to other sensory and cognitive functions and how these may interact with hearing loss in ways that affect mobility. Finally, we briefly consider the implications of the hearing-mobility associations with respect to applied domains such as screening for mobility problems and falls risk in those with hearing loss and developing interventions and training approaches targeting safe and independent mobility throughout the lifespan.

Introduction

Hearing helps us to know where we are relative to important events and objects in our environment and it allows us to track our changing position dynamically over space and time. As such, auditory cues are used in combination with other sensory inputs (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive) to help us perceive our own movements through space, known as self-motion perception. Whether we are maintaining standing balance, walking, or driving, audition can provide unique and important information to help optimize self-motion perception, and consequently to support safe mobility. While other sensory systems have been well-studied in the context of self-motion perception and mobility, the auditory system has received far less attention. However, there is growing interest in pursuing empirical research directed towards understanding the role of hearing on mobility-related behaviors and the effects that hearing loss has on these critical abilities. Part of this interest has been prompted by recent epidemiological and experimental studies providing consistent and convincing evidence that hearing loss (notably in older adults) is associated with greater walking difficulties, poorer overall physical functioning, and a significantly increased risk of falling (Agmon et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2015; Jiam et al., 2016; Kamil et al., 2016; Lin and Ferrucci, 2012; Mikkola et al., 2015; Viljanen et al., 2009; Viljanen et al., 2009). Importantly, the mechanisms underlying the associations between hearing status and mobility are poorly understood. It is also critical to consider that age-related hearing loss is often concomitant with declines in other sensory, motor, and cognitive functions and that these declines may interact, particularly during realistic, everyday tasks. Indeed, hearing loss is associated with an increased risk of dementia and has recently been identified as one of the top potentially preventable risk factors for developing dementia (Albers et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2011, 2013; Livingston et al., 2017; Martini et al., 2014). Overall, exploring the role of auditory cues and the effects of hearing loss on self-motion perception specifically, and mobility more generally, is important to both building fundamental knowledge on the perceptual processes underlying the ability to perceive our movements through space, as well as to optimizing mobility-related interventions for those with hearing loss so that they can function better when confronted by everyday, real world, sensory-motor challenges.

The goal of this paper is to explore the role of hearing in self-motion perception across a range of mobility-related behaviors. First, we briefly review the ways in which auditory cues are used to perceive self-motion (alone and when combined with other sensory inputs) and how hearing affects behaviors such as standing balance, walking, and driving. Next, we consider how age-related changes in hearing can affect the ability to use relevant auditory cues to perceive self-motion and the potential consequences of age-related changes in auditory processing to the performance of mobility-related tasks. We then describe how hearing loss is associated with declines in mobility-related abilities and increased adverse outcomes such as falls. We describe age-related changes to other sensory and cognitive functions and how these may interact with hearing loss in ways that affect mobility. Finally, we briefly consider the implications of hearing-mobility associations with respect to applied domains such as screening for mobility problems and falls risk in those with hearing loss and developing interventions and training approaches targeting safe and independent mobility throughout the lifespan.

Section snippets

Auditory cues supporting self-motion perception

Of all the sensory systems that contribute the perception of self-motion, including visual, vestibular, tactile, and proprioceptive inputs, audition is by far the least studied. However, hearing clearly provides important information about the environment and about our own movement relative to the environment. This information can be useful for maintaining balance, remaining oriented in space, and directing targeted movement behaviors (e.g., moving towards a goal or avoiding an obstacle). To

Age-related changes to the use of auditory cues relevant for self-motion perception

Although there is a wealth of research examining the perceptual, behavioral and social effects of age-related hearing loss, there is a dearth of research specifically investigating age-related changes to auditory spatial motion perception. Age-related hearing loss can reduce older adults’ abilities to use auditory cues that are important for self-motion perception, including reduced audibility of high-frequency sounds and age-related declines in sensitivity to ITDs and ILDs (see Carlile and

Consequences of hearing loss to mobility-related outcomes

Everyday mobility-related activities like walking and driving are complex and involve multisensory and multitasking abilities that rely on temporally and spatially precise sensory and cognitive processing. As described above, age-related hearing loss can result in a reduced ability to perceive different properties of self-motion, but aging is also likely to change the way in which different sensory inputs are integrated or utilized. Furthermore, age-related hearing loss can affect the way that

Implications and future directions

In general, evidence points to a need to screen routinely for mobility problems and falls risk in older adults with hearing loss. Similarly, those attending falls clinics due to a history of, or increased risk of falls, should have their hearing assessed in addition to assessments of other sensory (visual, vestibular, tactile), motor, and cognitive functions. The design and implementation of hearing devices such as cochlear implants and hearing aids should consider how different types of signal

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant, RGPIN-2015-06619 (Campos).

We declare no competing or conflicts of interests.

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Review ArticleHearing, self-motion perception, mobility, and aging

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Auditory cues supporting self-motion perception

Age-related changes to the use of auditory cues relevant for self-motion perception

Consequences of hearing loss to mobility-related outcomes

Implications and future directions

Funding

Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.

Alzheimer's Dementia: J. Alzheimer’s Assoc.

Maturitas

Ageing Res. Rev.

Trends Neurosci.

Brain Res. Bull.

Neuropsychologia

Lancet (London, England)

Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav.

Hear. Res.

Neurobiol. Aging

Gait Posture

The association between hearing loss, postural control, and mobility in older adults: a systematic review

J. Am. Acad. Audiol.

Editorial: age-related vestibular loss: current understanding and future research directions

Front. Neurol.

An overview of the major phenomena of the localization of sound sources by normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and aided listeners

Trends in Hearing

Auditory/visual distance estimation: accuracy and variability

Front. Psychol.

Vestibular system: the many facets of a multimodal sense

Annu. Rev. Neurosci.

Perspectives on aging vestibular function

Front. Neurol.

Age-related vestibular loss: current understanding and future research directions

Front. Neurol.

Age-related changes in vestibular function: a longitudinal study

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

Spatial Hearing: the Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization

Differential effects of central verses peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception

Exp. Brain Res.

Reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. Visual motion stimulation deactivates the parieto-insular vestibular cortex

Brain: J. Neurol.

The effects of age and hearing loss on dual-task balance and listening

J. Gerontol.: Psychol. Sci., Social Sci.

Apparent distance of sounds recorded in echoic and anechoic chambers

J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform.

The perception of auditory motion

Trends in Hearing

Association of hearing impairment with declines in physical functioning and the risk of disability in older adults

J. Gerontol. Series A, Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.

An analysis of cues to auditory depth perception in free space

Psychol. Bull.; Wash., Etc.

Falls in the audiology clinic: a pilot study

J. Am. Acad. Audiol.

Audiology patient fall statistics and risk factors compared to non-audiology patients

Int. J. Audiol.

Audio and electroacoustics

Virtual head rotation reveals a process of route reconstruction from human vestibular signals

J. Physiol.

How does interior car noise alter driver's perception of motion? Multisensory integration in speed perception

Effects of aging in multisensory integration: a systematic review

Front. Aging Neurosci.

Influence of aging on human sound localization

J. Neurophysiol.

Ueber das farbridge Lict der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels: Versuch einer das Bradley’sche aberrations-theorem als integrirrenden Theil in sich schliessenden allgemeineren Theorie

Noise enhancement of information transfer in crayfish mechanoreceptors by stochastic resonance

Nature

Effects of age and mild hearing loss on speech recognition in noise

J. Acoust. Soc. Am.

Auditory cues for orientation and postural control in sighted and congenitally blind people

Exp. Brain Res.

Binaural processing and auditory asymmetries

Body sway and vision

J. Exp. Psychol.

Association of hearing impairment and subsequent driving mobility in older adults

Gerontol.

Learning to echolocate in sighted people: a correlational study on attention, working memory and spatial abilities

Exp. Brain Res.

Speed estimation from a moving automobile

Review Article
Hearing, self-motion perception, mobility, and aging