Original ArticlesInfant Iron Deficiency and Iron Supplementation Predict Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems
Section snippets
Methods
This study was a follow-up of a project in Chile that included a clinical trial of preventing iron deficiency anemia in infancy. Infants were enrolled from 1991 to 1996 at clinics in 4 working-class communities outside of Santiago, Chile. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen to enroll healthy infants without common risk factors for developmental or behavioral problems. Inclusion criteria include birth weight >3.0 kg, singleton term birth, vaginal delivery, stable caregiver, and
Results
In adolescence, 1018 participants (49.0% female) completed the YSR, and 893 parents completed the CBCL. Adolescents who completed this session did not differ from cohort participants who did not on infant iron status, sex, breastfeeding, family stress, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment score, maternal age, weight or length at birth, gestational age, or growth in weight or length between 0 and 6 months of age, Ps > 0.05. However, adolescents who participated in this follow-up
Discussion
This study confirms in a much larger cohort what was found in the earlier Costa Rican study.3 Specifically, results indicate that iron deficiency in infancy is associated with increased behavior problems later on. In this Chilean cohort, participants with iron deficiency in infancy were reported to have greater social, anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, aggressive, conduct, oppositional defiant, and rule breaking problems in adolescence. These adverse effects are not driven solely by iron deficiency
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Iron Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders, and Movement Disorders
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2021, Gaceta SanitariaCitation Excerpt :Teenagers with good knowledge will be able to apply their knowledge, and vice versa, poor knowledge leads them to not able to use good knowledge.13 The higher understanding of adolescents about anemia, then the smaller the adolescents will experience anemia because they gained a lot of information about it.14 This research was conducted at SMPN 2 and SMPN 1 Parigi, Parigi Moutong District, in February–April 2020.
Association of Anemia with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Children
2021, Journal of PediatricsCitation Excerpt :Similar to our findings, one previous study reported positive associations of iron deficiency anemia (a common subtype of anemia) with ASD and ADHD.17 Our findings are also consistent with other laboratory and epidemiologic research examining the relationships of specific subtypes of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, with impairments in neurocognitive and motor functions.23-30 In addition, a recent cohort study reported that prenatal exposure to maternal anemia during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of developmental behavioral disorders, including ADHD, ASD, and learning disability.31
Risk factors associated with developing anxiety in Inuit adolescents from Nunavik
2020, Neurotoxicology and TeratologyCitation Excerpt :Extrinsic risk factors mainly include adversity, such as traumatic events and experiences, family and school dysfunction, as well as low socioeconomic status (Allen and Dahl, 2015; Hettema et al., 2005; Sundquist et al., 2015). Drug use and alcohol consumption in youths (O'Neil et al., 2011), as well as poor diet, including iron and nutrient deficiencies, were also identified by previous studies as factors forecasting anxiety (Doom et al., 2018; Gautam et al., 2012; Ross, 2009). Some evidence suggests that exposure to environmental contaminants may also contribute to developing anxiety.
Iron deficiency and internalizing symptom severity in unmedicated adolescents: a pilot study
2023, Psychological Medicine
Funded by NICHD (R01HD14122 [PI: B.L.], R01HD33487 [PI: B.L. and S.G.], F32HD088029 [PI: J.R.D.]), NHLBI (R01HL088530 [PI: S.G.]), NIDDK (T32DK071212 [to J.R.D.]), and NIDA (R01DA021181 [PI: J.D.]). The authors declare no conflicts of interest.