ArticleSources, Locations, and Predictors of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Young Children From Inner-city Families
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Data Source and Study Design
Data used for this analysis were part of a study that examined interactions between ETS exposure and gene polymorphisms on child development. Detailed procedures for data collection are described elsewhere (Chen & Woodcroft, 2009). Briefly, data collection was conducted from October 2006 to March 2008. Mothers (N = 400) who accompanied their children to the General Outpatient Clinics at Children's Hospital of Michigan were recruited in the clinic settings. Mothers with a child from 6 to 10
Sample Characteristics
Table 1 summarizes the major characteristics of the study sample. Among the 397 children, 209 (52.6%) were male. Age of the children ranged from 6 to 10 years (mean = 7.9, SD = 0.85). The majority of mothers (82.0%) and children (82.4%) were African American, 49% of the mothers were single, and 52% had a high school level education. The mean and median monthly household income was $1950 and $1500, respectively. The mean number of household members was 3.56 (SD = 0.72).
Levels of Recent ETS Exposure
Among the 397 children,
Discussion and Conclusions
In this study we have described the levels, sources, and locations of involuntary ETS exposure among a pediatric sample of 397 participants, predominantly African American children. Among the children sample, 70.7% had urine cotinine levels ≥ 10 ng/mL, indicating current exposure to ETS. This level of exposure is close to 75%, the rate among pediatric patients from the same hospital assessed about a decade ago with a similar ethnic composition of approximately 80% African American children (
Xinguang Chen, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
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2012, Journal of PediatricsCitation Excerpt :Of our 4 secondhand smoke questions, Q3 (the number of hours around secondhand smoke per day) and Q4 (secondhand smoke in the car) were the most strongly correlated with hair cotinine levels at 2 years of age among those with lower (r = 0.49, P < .0001) and higher income (r = 0.24, P < .0001), respectively, further demonstrating the importance of these additional questions. Families with lower socioeconomic status have disparately higher levels of parental reported secondhand smoke exposures.2 By asking additional questions about the number of smokers living in the home, the number of hours per day around smoke, and whether anyone ever smokes in the car with the child, we identified that over half of the children would have been misclassified as unexposed if maternal smoking was the sole indicator.
Are Urban Low-Income Children From Unplanned Pregnancy Exposed to Higher Levels of Environmental Tobacco Smoke?
2012, Journal of Pediatric Health CareCitation Excerpt :Written informed consent was used for subject recruitment. More details regarding sampling and data collection procedure can be found in previously published manuscripts (Chen, Stanton, Hopper, & Khankari, 2010; Chen & Woodcroft, 2009). In-person interviews were conducted to collect data by the same research associate who recruited the study participants.
Association between exposure to second-hand smoke and health status in children
2020, Gaceta Sanitaria
Xinguang Chen, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
Bonita Stanton, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
John Hopper, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ypsilanti, MI.
Nikhil Khankari, Graduate Assistant, Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
This study was co-funded by Children's Research Center of Michigan (Award No. 25NH5) and the Department of Pediatrics at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
Conflicts of interest: None to report.