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Urban and social determinants of alcohol and tobacco consumption among adolescents in Madrid
Determinantes urbanos y sociales del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes en Madrid
Maitane Berasalucea, Irene Martín-Turreroa, Roberto Valientea,b,c, Lucía Martínez-Manriquea,d, María Sandín-Vázqueza,e, Xisca Suredaa,f,g,h,
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a Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
b Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
c SPECTRUM Consortium, United Kingdom
d Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
e Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
f Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
g Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
h CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
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"aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, United States of America" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, United States of America" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Determinantes urbanos y sociales del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes en Madrid" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2268 "Ancho" => 1625 "Tamanyo" => 726822 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Field collection map in a buffer of 500 meters by street network around the educational center.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adolescents and young people are especially vulnerable to alcohol and tobacco consumption, affecting neurodevelopment during these stages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In addition to health consequences, it has been shown that alcohol and tobacco consumption also have a high economic and social impact on the populations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> In Spain, 70.5% and 30.7% of adolescents aged between 14 and 18-years old reported alcohol and tobacco use within the last year, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the last decade there has been increasing interest in how the urban, social, and cultural environments influence people's behaviors related to health, such as substance use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Evidence suggests that greater accessibility to alcohol and tobacco products and higher exposure to their promotion may increase alcohol and tobacco consumption among adults and adolescents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a> The exposure to alcohol and tobacco accessibility and promotion is not evenly distributed in the space and several inequalities have been described according to neighborhood sociodemographic deprivation, with greater exposure in the most deprived areas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have characterized alcohol and tobacco environments around secondary schools in the city of Madrid. A recent study highlighted that 75% of tobacco outlets are located closer than 300 meters to a school.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Another study found that in Madrid there is an average density of 26 alcohol outlets within buffers of 400 meters around schools, with a mean distance of 82 meters to the closest outlet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> These results show a high exposure to alcohol and tobacco around schools, and future studies should explore how this exposure may influence alcohol and tobacco consumption among adolescents.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to describe the accessibility to and promotion of alcohol and tobacco around secondary schools in Madrid and its distribution in relation with area-level socioeconomic deprivation; analyze the relationship between this exposure and individual alcohol and tobacco consumption among secondary school students between 14 and 18 years old in the city of Madrid; and explore other facilitators and barriers that may encourage or prevent alcohol and tobacco consumption among adolescents.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Study design</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a cross-sectional mixed-methods study carried out in Madrid, Spain, in three phases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In phase 1, we conducted a systematic social observation in 500-meters street network buffers around secondary schools to collect contextual data on alcohol and tobacco accessibility and promotion. In phase 2, we surveyed a sample of secondary school students between 14 and 18-years about sociodemographic data and alcohol and tobacco consumption, and determinants of its consumption. In phase 3, we performed semi-structured interviews and one discussion group with students in these centers who have ever consumed alcohol or tobacco to complement the information gathered by the questionnaire in phase 2. Transversally, we will geocode all data obtained from these three phases to explore spatial patterns of the presence of alcohol and tobacco elements in the environment and consumption among adolescents by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Phase 1: systematic social observation around selected secondary schools</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All schools that taught secondary education in the city of Madrid (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>565) were classified into nine strata defined as the combination of the tertiles of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and tertiles of alcohol and tobacco outlet density (i.e., SES High-High Density; SES High-Medium Density; etc.). To account for deprivation, we used a validated predefined index, which includes indicators based on unemployment, precarious employment, occupational class, educational level, and property value.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> We obtained alcohol and tobacco outlet locations from two public databases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> We defined outlet density as the number of outlets within a street network buffer of 500 meters around schools, using ArcGIS 10.6 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA). We defined a “strata-balanced” strategy to contact and invite schools for participation to ensure a minimum of six centers within each strata. This may guarantee a minimum geographic variability of cases within each strata by including centers from different neighborhoods throughout the city (and avoid geographic-location bias). Centers within each strata were ranked by their alcohol and tobacco outlet density value. In strata representing high neighborhood outlet density, the contact of centers with the highest densities were prioritized. In contrast, the contact of centers with the lowest densities were prioritized in low neighborhood outlet density strata. Centers in medium neighborhood outlet density strata were randomly ranked for contact prioritization. The response ratio was 12.42%.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used systematic social observation to gather data on alcohol and tobacco points of sale, promotion elements/banners and signs of consumption within a predefined street network buffer of 500 meters around schools that accepted to participate in the study. Data were collected between August and October 2021, excluding school holiday weeks. An updated version of the OHCITIES questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> was used to record the alcohol items. We modified an existing questionnaire used elsewhere to collect tobacco exposure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20–22</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We provided theoretical-practical training to fieldworkers for data collection of alcohol and tobacco environments. We prepared maps of the buffer observation area around each secondary school (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Phase 2: individual data collection</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a survey among students between 14-18 years, enrolled in secondary schools in the city of Madrid between February and April 2022. An initial sample size of 1,089 students was calculated, 363 participants for each socioeconomic level stratum (assuming power of 80% and losses of 20%). This would allow us to detect changes in alcohol and tobacco prevalence of 7% between different socioeconomic strata based on the results obtained in a previous study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Forty nine of the 55 centers involved in this study agreed to participate in the collection of individual consumption data, obtaining a total sample of 2287 students (with a loss of six centers in this phase, of which four were from strata representing high SES and high or medium alcohol and tobacco outlet density areas).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire included information related to sociodemographic data, alcohol and tobacco consumption patterns and determinants of their consumption. Alcohol and tobacco related questions were based on the Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education in Spain (ESTUDES).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The questionnaires were provided and filled in paper format, except for seven centers that claimed for an online format. In these cases, we used a free online survey tool (<a href="http://www.surveymonkey.com/">www.surveymonkey.com</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Phase 3: Qualitative data collection</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A theorical, intentional, non-probabilistic purposive sampling was carried out.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Inclusion criteria were being a student between 14 and 18 years of age and having ever consumed alcohol or tobacco. We recruited informants through the dissemination of a flyer in schools. We performed twenty semi-structured interviews (six from schools located in high and medium SES neighborhood, respectively, and eight from low SES neighborhood schools) and a discussion group (organized with five students from a medium SES neighborhood school) between April and September 2021. The topics covered in the interviews and discussion group tried to complement the information collected by the questionnaire in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption patterns and factors influencing its consumption. Moreover, a section to explore health promotion strategies to prevent alcohol and tobacco consumption was included.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical and geographic analyses</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We will obtain prevalence ratios of consumption and consumption patterns. We will carry out qualitative and thematic descriptive analysis using ATLAS-ti software<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and we will use sequential explanatory method <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> to relate quantitative and qualitative results. Transversally, we will use Geographic Information Systems to geocode exposure and consumption data. Geographic Information Systems will allow us to create measurements to characterize alcohol and tobacco environment (i.e., outlet proximity and density, density and visibility of promotion elements and signs of consumption) and analyze spatial inequalities in the alcohol and tobacco accessibility, promotion and consumption among different geographies in the city of Madrid. We will use Poisson regression models with multilevel robust variance, with the individual at level 1, the educational center at level 2 and the neighborhood at level 3 to assess associations between ecological data and individual characteristics.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted according to the principles promulgated by the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee of the University of Alcalá (CEI/HU/2020/48, CEIP2021/5/128) granted ethical approval. We informed participants and their legal representatives about the study and we requested a written informed consent from both parties, including also the permission to be contacted in the future. Confidentiality and anonymity of all data is guaranteed.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quantitative measurement of environmental exposure may be subject to discrepancies in the definition of operational variables trying to address the complexities of reality, as well as depending on the quality of the data. Likewise, information collected through questionnaires may be subject to reporting biases. To try to avoid these limitations, we will carry out a quality control of the data and we will contrast the quantitative information from the individual questionnaires with the semi-structured interviews and discussion group. The main strength of this project is the use of a mixed methodology that combines qualitative with quantitative and geographic approaches. This will allow us to conduct an in-depth analysis of the relationships between the accessibility and promotion of alcohol and tobacco around schools and alcohol and tobacco consumption and its determinants in secondary school students. In addition, it will allow us to learn about other facilitators of the onset of alcohol and tobacco consumption in this population.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Miguel Ángel Negrín Hernández.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Authors contributions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M. Berasaluce: writing original draft, methodology. I. Martín-Turrero: writing, review and editing, methodology. R. Valiente: conceptualization, writing, review and editing, methodology. L. Martínez-Manrique: review and editing, methodology. M. Sandín Vázquez: conceptualization, review and editing, methodology. X. Sureda: conceptualization, writing, review and editing, methodology, project administration, funding acquisition.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is funded by two projects of the Community de Madrid and the Universidad de Alcalá (CM/JIN/2019-021 and CM/JIN/2021-030) and by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PI19/01626).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RV is a member of SPECTRUM a UK Prevention Research Partnership Consortium. UKPRP is an initiative funded by the UK Research and Innovation Councils, the Department of Health and Social Care (England) and the UK devolved administrations, and leading health research charities.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2227848" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1865609" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2227847" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Método" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1865610" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Phase 1: systematic social observation around selected secondary schools" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Phase 2: individual data collection" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Phase 3: Qualitative data collection" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical and geographic analyses" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Editor in charge" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Authors contributions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack768138" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-06-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-09-25" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1865609" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Alcohol drinking" 1 => "Tobacco use" 2 => "Adolescent" 3 => "Urban health" 4 => "Social determinants of health" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1865610" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Consumo de alcohol" 1 => "Consumo de tabaco" 2 => "Adolescentes" 3 => "Salud urbana" 4 => "Determinantes sociales de la salud" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to describe the accessibility to and promotion of alcohol and tobacco around secondary schools in Madrid and its distribution in relation with area-level socioeconomic deprivation; analyze the relationship between this exposure and individual consumption characteristics of students between 14 and 18 years old; and explore other facilitators of this consumption.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mixed-methods study conducted in three phases: 1) we collected data on accessibility to and promotion of alcohol and tobacco in the environment using systematic social observation around 55 secondary schools; 2) we administered 2287 questionnaires among the students in these centers to gather information about characteristics and determinants of consumption; and 3) we conducted 20 semi-structured interviews and one discussion group to deepen in the results obtained in surveys and systematic social observation. We will use Geographic Information Systems to integrate and analyze the data from a spatial perspective.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la accesibilidad y la promoción de alcohol y tabaco alrededor de los centros de enseñanza secundaria en Madrid y su distribución en relación con la privación socioeconómica del área; analizar la relación entre esta exposición y las características individuales de consumo en estudiantes de entre 14 y 18 años; y explorar otros facilitadores del consumo.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Método</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de métodos mixtos en tres fases: 1) recogimos datos sobre accesibilidad y promoción de estas sustancias en el entorno mediante observación social sistemática alrededor de 55 centros de secundaria; 2) administramos 2287 cuestionarios a estudiantes de estos centros sobre características y determinantes de consumo; y 3) realizamos 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas y un grupo de discusión en estos centros para profundizar en los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas y la observación social sistemática. Utilizaremos Sistemas de Información Geográfica para integrar y analizar los datos desde una perspectiva espacial.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Método" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1880 "Ancho" => 3425 "Tamanyo" => 562949 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chart illustrating the interrelationship of the methodologies used.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2268 "Ancho" => 1625 "Tamanyo" => 726822 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Field collection map in a buffer of 500 meters by street network around the educational center.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C. 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