Journal Information
Vol. 27. Issue 4.
Pages 318-324 (July - August 2013)
Visits
Not available
Vol. 27. Issue 4.
Pages 318-324 (July - August 2013)
Original article
Open Access
Validity and reliability of the Spanish sign language version of the KIDSCREEN-27 health-related quality of life questionnaire for use in deaf children and adolescents
Validez y fiabilidad de la versión en lengua de signos española del KIDSCREEN-27 para población infantil y adolescente con deficiencia auditiva
Visits
8579
María Jesús Pardo-Guijarroa, Bencie Wollb, Pablo Moya-Martínezc, María Martínez-Andrésc, Eugenio Enrique Cortés-Ramíreza, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaínoc,
Corresponding author
Vicente.Martinez@uclm.es

Corresponding author.
a Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
b Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
c Social and Health Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (2)
Tables (4)
Table 1. Sample characteristics by degree of deafness, age group and gender (n=114).
Table 2. Exploratory factor analyses: factor loadings after varimax rotation of KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version.
Table 3. Internal consistency and retest reliability analysis of the KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version.
Table 4. Mean (standard deviation) of the dimensions of KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version, by sex, and by level of hearing loss.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Objective

The aim of this paper was to test the validity and reliability of a Spanish sign language (SSL) adaptation of KIDSCREEN-27, a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire for use in deaf children and adolescents.

Methods

We performed an observational cross-sectional study of 114 deaf children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years old. The Spanish version of the KIDSCREEN-27 was adapted to SSL through the translation-back translation technique. The adapted questionnaire was then administered using a web tool to ensure complete access to study participants. Floor and ceiling effects were calculated. Structural and cultural validity were tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's α was used to assess internal consistency. The questionnaire was administered for a second time to the entire sample after 2 to 4 weeks (test-retest reliability).

Results

In the SSL version of the KIDSCREEN-27, as in the original Spanish scale, five dimensions explained 59% of the variance. None of the participants obtained the minimum or maximum scores on the scale (floor and ceiling effect, respectively). Confirmatory factor analysis showed the goodness-of-fit of the factor solution with five dimensions of the SSL version. The Cronbach's α of both the total scale and of each of the distinct dimensions was above 0.75. The intra-class correlation coefficient of the test-retest scale was considered acceptable in all the dimensions.

Conclusions

The reliability and validity of the SSL version of the KIDSCREEN-27 are similar to those of the original Spanish version, providing a new tool for measuring HRQoL in deaf children and adolescents.

Keywords:
Health-related quality of life
Deaf children and adolescents
KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire
Spanish sign language
Cross-cultural validity/adaptation
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar la validez y la fiabilidad del cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud KIDSCREEN-27 traducido a lengua de signos española (LSE) para niños y adolescentes sordos.

Método

Estudio observacional transversal en el que participaron 114 niños y adolescentes sordos de 8 a 18 años de edad. Utilizando la técnica traducción-retrotraducción se adaptó la versión española del KIDSCREEN-27 a la LSE, y se diseñó una herramienta web para que el cuestionario fuese totalmente accesible. Se calculó el efecto suelo y el efecto techo. La validez estructural y transcultural se comprobó mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Para evaluar la consistencia interna se utilizó el coeficiente α de Cronbach. El 100% de la muestra efectuó un retest al cabo de 2-4 semanas (fiabilidad test-retest).

Resultados

En la versión del KIDSCREEN-27 en LSE subyacían cinco dimensiones que explicaban el 59% de la varianza. Ningún participante obtuvo la puntuación mínima o máxima de la escala (efecto suelo y techo, respectivamente). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró la bondad de ajuste de la solución factorial con cinco dimensiones de la versión en LSE. El α de Cronbach tanto de la escala total como de cada dimensión fue superior a 0,75. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase del test-retest fue significativo en todas las dimensiones.

Conclusiones

La versión adaptada a la LSE del KIDSCREEN-27 presentó coeficientes de fiabilidad y validez similares a los de la versión original en español, permitiendo disponer de un nuevo instrumento para medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes sordos.

Palabras clave:
Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud
Niños y adolescentes sordos
Cuestionario KIDSCREEN-27
Lengua de signos española
Validación/adaptación transcultural
Full Text
Introduction

In Spain approximately 25 per 1000 people aged six or more years experience some type of hearing impairment (the term ‘deaf’ is used here to refer to all the degrees of hearing impairment, what means mild, moderate, severe or profound hearing impairment).1 For deaf people to fully achieve their potential, it is necessary to provide the relevant resources to support personal, cognitive, professional, cultural and academic development.2 Technological advances have facilitated access for the people to spoken language, but sign language also has an important role for 120,000 deaf people in Spain.3,4 Sign language serve all practical and theoretical purposes of a natural language, including age appropriate language acquisition in infants and children.2,5–7

In comparison with the hearing population, deaf people have more mental health problems and a generally poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This is mainly due to communication problems,8,9 which lead to higher levels of psychological distress and affect emotional development. However, mental health and quality of life have been not related with the degree of deafness.10

HRQoL in deaf children and adolescents has been mainly used as a measure of effectiveness of cochlear implants. Self-administered instruments such as KINDLR11 and FKSI (Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales for Children),12 among others, have been used for this purpose.

In a recent study 15 generic HRQoL questionnaires which have been adapted or created for children and adolescents in Spain were identified. There is great variability in both the number and characteristics of the dimensions included.13 The KIDSCREEN project (2001-2004), a partnership of 13 European countries, developed a standardized instrument to measure HRQoL in children and adolescents in the trans-cultural field.14 Three versions of the Spanish KIDSCREEN questionnaire were subsequently developed (52, 27 and 10 items respectively). These have proved to have good acceptability, reliability and validity for the general paediatric population (from 8 years) and adolescents (under 18 years).15,16

Studies have shown that the average reading level of deaf people is well below that of the general population.17–19 At least 47% of the deaf population lack any form of basic education or are illiterate. Approximately 92% of the deaf population fails to complete their high school studies and the ones who do are regarded as functional illiterates because they have serious problems to understand written text and to express themselves effectively in writing.20 For this reason, such questionnaires are not appropriate. However, deaf people's ability to understand psychological tests is not affected by this low reading level if they are administered in sign language.21

In an Austrian study, the WHO Quality of Life (WHO-QOL) Questionnaire, 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were adapted to Austrian Sign Language.21 But no HRQoL instrument has been translated and adapted for Spanish deaf children and adolescents. Perhaps this is why the HRQoL of deaf children has not been tested by any study in Spain; this should be a starting point for evaluating any work on this population.

The aim of this study was to adapt the HRQoL instrument KIDSCREEN-27 for children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years old22,23 to Spanish Sign Language (LSE). The LSE version is fully accessible to deaf children and adolescents who use sign language, and can be self-administered. The validation of this instrument will provide insight into the perception of deaf children and young people on their quality of life, while contextualizing the information within national and international settings.

MethodsStudy procedure and subjects

This study is an observational cross-validation of a HRQoL instrument involving 114 deaf children and adolescents aged 8-to-18 years. All of them completed the questionnaire twice with a 2-4 weeks interval. Participants were recruited from schools, colleges, high schools and associations of deaf people from the Regions of Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid. First we contacted with 79 schools and eight associations in Castilla-La Mancha. For the sake of a greater sample we contacted with seven schools and fourteen associations in Madrid. Finally, 61 schools and three associations of Castilla-La Mancha and four schools of Madrid participated in the study. Our final sample was composed of 75 subjects from Castilla-La Mancha and 39 subjects from Madrid. Fieldwork took place during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years.

The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Virgen de la Luz Hospital in Cuenca, and also had the express support of the Provincial Office of Education in Cuenca and that of the Confederation of Deaf People. A letter was sent to parents informing them about the aims of the study and inviting them to accept the participation of their children by signing an informed consent document. The protocol follows the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki,24 and information management was conducted according to the provisions of the Organic Law of Protection of Personal Data (Law 15/1999)25 and its regulations (RD 1720/2007).26

Variables and measurement instruments

As well as socio-demographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status), other variables were included: degree of hearing loss, type of deafness (congenital or acquired), time of onset of deafness (pre-lingual or post-lingual), preferred form of communication (sign language or spoken language), functionality of communication, communication problems, parental responsibilities and expectations of the deaf child's development, parental acceptance of the child's deafness, and education (mainstream or special school). HRQoL responses were obtained by self-administered versions of the KIDSCREEN-27 for children and adolescents adapted and translated into LSE.

The KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire consisted of 27 items which are used to assess HRQoL across five dimensions: physical well-being (five items); psychological well-being (seven items); autonomy and parents (seven items); peers and social support (four items); and school environment (four items). The items assess either the frequency of behaviour/feelings or, in fewer cases, the intensity of an attitude and are answered on a five-point scale with a timeframe of one week. Higher scores indicate better HRQoL.27

Adaptation of the KIDSCREEN-27 to the LSE

Because many deaf children have difficulties with reading, the children's version of the KIDSCREEN-27 was translated and adapted into LSE.22 So that this could be self- administered and have utility for other professionals or other Spanish-speaking communities who use LSE. In addition, a web tool was designed in LSE for the questionnaire (http://www.cess.uclm.es/qd/) so that it is fully accessible to deaf children and adolescents who are users of this language.

Since we did not have a sufficient number of the sample's families with deafness to validate an adapted the adult version of the instrument, we have only adapted the children's version of the KIDSCREEN-27.

Translation-back translation of the questionnaire

Back translation was used in order to ensure cultural alignment of the original (written Spanish) and new (LSE) versions. Three bilingual deaf adults (Spanish and LSE) with high levels of reading skills took part in the translation of the Spanish questionnaire to LSE (and the subsequent preparation of the carrier medium). They were supplied with a Spanish version of the KIDSCREEN-27 children and were asked to translate each item into LSE. Working alongside an LSE interpreter, a consensus was reached on the best version of each item and the first recording of the survey was made.

The visual material was delivered to another LSE interpreter and to a post-lingually deaf bilingual who had not taken part in the translation of the written version to LSE. They translated independently each item from LSE to written Spanish. The back-translations were then compared with the original Spanish written version to assess the degree of concordance.

In this first revision of the original instrument and of the translation to LSE, some items with unclear meaning (i.e. “Have you been in a good mood?”, “Have you been happy with the way you are?”, among others) were identified, and possible alternatives were discussed. These items were then reassessed by a bilingual deaf person and discussed with the interpreter who had taken part in the first adaptation. A second translation was then created by them with special emphasis on clarifying the ambiguous items. A second back-translation was then prepared by two additional translators: one was deaf, and one with a moderate hearing loss; both were bilingual and with a high level of reading skill.

Finally, a group of LSE experts and deaf people met in order to select the final LSE version of each item for video-recording. There were two signers for the video: a female Spanish/LSE interpreter and a hearing young male, whose father was deaf and who was bilingual in LSE and Spanish.

The software for delivering the questionnaire was specially developed to meet the characteristics and needs of deaf people. In order to enable the questionnaire to be self-administered, written Spanish and LSE are displayed for both the questions and the response options, and it is possible to reply the LSE video clips before responding. Each answer choice is marked with a colored dot as a visual aid for deaf children.21,28 Responses are completed on a paper version of the questionnaire, and the respondent answers each item before moving to the next.

Statistical analysis

A descriptive analysis of the sample characteristics was performed, the floor and ceiling effects (proportion of cases obtaining the minimum and maximum scores respectively) were calculated; and the overall score and scores for each of the dimensions were also calculated according to the KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire instructions.

An exploratory factor analysis (EFA; main components analysis) was conducted to check if the dimension factor was saturated by each item in order to ensure that it constituted a valid indicator. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's sphericity test were also used to assess whether the factor analysis was appropriate to test the scale structure. A factor analysis would be appropriate if the KMO test reaches values above 0.5 and the Barlett test obtains values lower than 0.05.

The adequacy of the LSE-adapted KIDSCREEN-27 was assessed by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using IBM SPSS Amos 19 software.29 The adjustment of the model was analyzed in various ways. A chi-square (χ2) was used to assess the fit to the data of the sample. The goodness of fit was analyzed using the criteria of Hu and Bentler,30 including the comparative fit index (CFI) and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR).

An analysis of multiple groups was performed to examine gender differences. A χ2 test of differences was used to determine whether differences in the factor loadings were statistically significant.

To test the factor structure of the KIDSCREEN-27, the sample was divided into two subsamples and EFA and CFA were conducted using these two sub-samples respectively.

The internal consistency of the scale was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for both the total scale and for each dimension.

For the test-retest reliability the deaf children completed the questionnaire twice with a 2-4 weeks interval. This time gap was selected as it was considered long enough to ensure that participants would not remember their responses and that it was short enough to avoid significant changes in the quality of the participants’ lives.

The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate the correlation between baseline scores on the questionnaire and the scoring of their responses 2-4 weeks later.

Except for CFA analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software.

Results

The final sample comprised 114 deaf children and adolescents aged 8-to-18 years, of whom 77 (67.54%) were girls. Most of them (74’5%) did not provide information about his/her level of hearing loss (Table 1).

Table 1.

Sample characteristics by degree of deafness, age group and gender (n=114).

  Boys, n (%)  Girls, n (%)  Total 
Age
8-11 years  9 (7.9)  22 (19.3)  31 
12-18 years  28 (24.6)  55 (48.2)  83 
Average level of hearing lossa
Mild  0 (0.0)  0 (0.0) 
Moderate  3 (2.6)  5 (4.4) 
Severe  3 (2.6)  6 (5.3) 
Profound  5 (4.4)  7 (6.1)  12 
Missing information  26 (22.8)  59 (51.8)  85 
Total  37 (32.5)  77 (67.5)  114 
a

Average level of hearing loss: 21-40 decibels (dB), mild; 41-70dB, moderate; 71-90dB, severe;>90dB, profound.

Approximately half of the sample was signer, thus they used the computer version (the web tool) of the questionnaire in LSE. In both cases, those who prefer LSE version and those who prefer in paper form the questionnaire was self-administered.

No participants obtained the minimum or maximum scores on the scale (floor and ceiling effect, respectively).

Exploratory factor analysis

An exploratory analysis identified six factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1, but in the screen plot it was observed that a solution with five factors would be appropriate (Fig. 1). This five-factor solution showed good sampling adequacy indexes (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 0.822; Barlett sphericity p<0.001), explained 59% of the variance, and was more comparable to the analysis of the original Spanish version. Some differences between the original Spanish KIDSCREEN-27 and the LSE version in the allocation of items after Varimax rotation were observed (Table 2).

Figure 1.

Sedimentation graph of factor components of KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version.

(0.08MB).
Table 2.

Exploratory factor analyses: factor loadings after varimax rotation of KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version.

Items  KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions
  Phy. WB  Psy. WB  Auton. & Par.  Peers & SS  Sch. Env. 
In general, how would you say your health is?  0.604  0.299  -0.054  0.083  0.144 
Felt fit and well?  0.719  0.299  0.155  0.151  -0.009 
Been physically active (e.g. running, climbing, biking)?  0.785  0.046  0.094  -0.026  0.188 
Been able to run well?  0.808  -0.118  0.014  0.038  0.138 
Felt full of energy?  0.561  0.236  0.330  0.260  0.178 
Your life been enjoyable?  0.436  0.129  0.550  0.364  0.082 
Been in a good mood?  0.314  0.529  0.264  0.257  -0.065 
Had fun?  0.417  0.198  0.548  0.357  -0.012 
Felt sad?  0.049  0.549  0.381  -0.112  0.255 
Felt so bad that you didn’t want to do anything?  0.206  0.722  -0.110  0.136  0.292 
Felt lonely?  0.124  0.767  0.106  0.255  0.145 
Been happy with the way you are?  0.290  0.329  0.164  0.577  0.339 
Had enough time for yourself?  0.101  0.108  0.548  0.292  0.372 
Been able to do the things that you want to do in your free time?  0.047  -0.032  0.784  0.121  0.157 
Your parent(s) had enough time for you?  -0.078  0.063  -0.008  0.359  0.707 
Your parent(s) treated you fairly?  0.112  0.117  0.016  0.161  0.564 
Been able to talk to your parent(s) when you wanted to?  0.039  0.236  0.342  0.228  0.536 
Had enough money to do the same things as your friends?  -0.009  0.027  0.102  0.715  0.200 
Had enough money for your expenses?  0.071  -0.271  -0.045  0.684  0.167 
Spent time with your friends?  -0.046  0.254  0.422  0.595  -0.004 
Had fun with your friends?  0.231  0.317  0.246  0.646  -0.062 
You and your friends helped each other?  0.137  0.155  0.139  0.707  0.180 
Been able to rely on your friends?  0.066  0.223  0.086  0.669  0.275 
Been happy at school?  0.059  0.186  0.549  -0.016  0.501 
Got on well at school?  0.413  0.263  0.208  -0.003  0.540 
Been able to pay attention?  0.246  -0.042  0.203  0.128  0.587 
Got along well with your teachers?  0.143  0.086  0.103  0.077  0.723 

In italics: factor loadings>0.50.

Phy. WB: physical well-being; Psy. WB: psychological well-being; Auton. & Par.: autonomy and parents; Peers & SS: peers and social support; Sch. Env.: school environment.

Confirmatory factor analysis

The factorial structure of the LSE version with the items arranged in the same way than the original Spanish version was tested by CFA. A five-factor model showed acceptable goodness of fit (χ2=551.8; CFI=0.808; normal fit index [NFI]=0.648; p=0.0001; SRMR=0.0832; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.082) (Fig. 2). The model displayed good fit by sex and the factor loadings showed no differences between males and females (χ2 DIFF=1218 – 1195=23, df DIFF=650 – 628=22, p=0.29).

Figure 2.

Confirmatory factor analysis diagram. Total sample: n=114; χ2=551.8; CFI=0.805; NFI=0.648; p=0.0001; SRMR=0.0832; RMSEA=0.082.

(0.39MB).
Internal consistency/reliability analysis

The Cronbach's α coefficient for the KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version was 0.819, and did not increase with elimination of any of the items. This coefficient was higher than 0.75 in all dimensions. ICC for test-retest analysis of the different KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions in the LSE version ranged from 0.523 (Autonomy & Parents) to 0.795 (School Environment) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Internal consistency and retest reliability analysis of the KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version.

KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions (N items)  IC Cronbach's α  Retest ICC 
Physical well-being (5)  0.807  0.760 
Psychological well-being (7)  0.817  0.737 
Autonomy and parents (7)  0.754  0.523 
Peers and social support (4)  0.803  0.718 
School environment (4)  0.774  0.795 

IC: internal consistency; ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient.

Differences in HRQoL by sex and by level of hearing loss

Table 4 show the mean scores of the KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions in the LSE version, by sex, and by level of hearing loss. Boys scored higher than girls in the Physical Well-Being dimension, and not significant differences by sex were found in the other dimensions. On the other hand, Peers and Social Support was the only dimension that showed differences by level of hearing loss.

Table 4.

Mean (standard deviation) of the dimensions of KIDSCREEN-27 LSE version, by sex, and by level of hearing loss.

  KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions
  Phy. WB  Psy. WB  Auton. & Par.  Peers & SS  Sch. Env. 
Sexa
Girls (n=77)  18.38 (3.67)  27.79 (4.61)  27.38 (4.88)  16.91 (2.84)  15.69 (3.21) 
Boys (n=37)  20.41 (3.77)  28.59 (5.13)  27.81 (4.98)  16.05 (3.83)  15.11 (3.23) 
0.007  0.403  0.660  0.183  0.369 
Average level of hearing lossb,c
Moderate (n=8)  19.75 (4.33)  29.88 (5.99)  29.13 (4.02)  18.50 (1.20)  16.00 (3.63) 
Severe (n=9)  16.89 (4.34)  28.78 (2.44)  29.67 (3.00)  17.56 (1.88)  14.11 (2.67) 
Profound (n=12)  18.25 (3.39)  27.83 (4.43)  26.50 (2.81)  15.08 (2.15)  15.25 (2.73) 
0.347  0.607  0.072  0.001  0.429 

Phy. WB: physical well-being; Psy. WB: psychological well-being; Auton. & Par.: autonomy and parents; Peers & SS: peers and social support; Sch. Env.: school environment.

p: differences in mean and standard deviation, by sex, and by level of hearing loss (in italics differences statistically significant).

a

Mean T-value.

b

Mean ANOVA-value.

c

Average level of hearing loss: 21-40 decibels (dB), mild; 41-70dB, moderate; 71-90dB, severe;>90dB, profound.

Discussion

This is the first study to validate a sign language version of a HRQoL questionnaire adapted to a population from 8-to-18 years with hearing impairment. The LSE version of the KIDSCREEN-27 contributes to avoid the problems of limited written language skills so common in this population. We have also developed a web tool to make it possible for the questionnaire to be self-administered and accessible to deaf children and adolescents whose preferred LSE.

The KIDSCREEN-27 is one of the few instruments measuring HRQoL in children and adolescents whose validity has been proven in most of European languages, ensuring cross-cultural equivalence.27,31 The results of our study confirm that the LSE version of the KIDSCREEN-27 shows good psychometric properties and an acceptable level of validity and reliability in deaf children and adolescents.

Behind the 27 items of the KIDSCREEEN-27 in LSE, as in the original Spanish version, were identified five dimensions, although the assignment of items to the different dimensions is not identical in the two versions. Similar observations have been made in adaptations of the questionnaire to other Spanish-speaking countries.32

In general, the factor structure of the KIDSCREEN-27 in LSE confirms the theoretical model of the original Spanish version.23 Although eight items were allocated to different dimensions in the EFA (Table 2), analysis procedures (i.e. rotation technique) could be behind these differences in the items arrangement between both the original Spanish and the LSE scales. When we tested by CFA the five factors model with the same items distribution than in the original Spanish version, the model showed an acceptable goodness of fit. Thus we decided to preserve the same structure than the original Spanish version for the sake of improved comparability.

The KIDSCREEN-27 in LSE has been designed specifically to meet the information and communication needs of deaf children and adolescents (http://www.cess.uclm.es/qd/).21,28 Thus, our study together with a small number of others,21 has begun to fill a gap both nationally and internationally, in terms of adaptation of psychometric tests for the population with hearing impairment.

Another new aspect of our work is the use of technical translation/back translation in sign language. This is the first time such a technique has been used for translations from Spanish to LSE. This technique allowed us to ensure comparability of the KIDSCREEN-27 in Spanish and LSE versions, so that the versions share content and structure.

Overall, participants with moderate level of hearing impairment scored higher in all of the dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-27 in LSE version (Table 4), but these differences were statistically significant only in Peers and Social Support dimension. Some studies have reported no differences in the social relationships area between people with and without hearing impairment33, and only hard of hearing people tend to have more restricted social lives than those with complete prelingual deafness (people who are born deaf or lose their sense of hearing before acquiring speech).34 On the other hand, in our study, according with the results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries of the KIDSCREEN-27,31 boys scored greater than girls in Physical Well-Being dimension, and not differences were found in the other dimensions.

The main limitation of our study was the small sample size, particularly when we tested differences among categories of hearing impairment. Furthermore, even though we had requested information about participants’ level of hearing loss, only a few of them provided us this information. Therefore, we were unable to describe some group comparisons. However, the sample size was large enough to the validation analysis.

Since we did not get the individualized data about how the questionnaire was administered (web tool or writing down on paper), we could not analyze the differences between both groups, although we are aware about that the self-ratings might be influenced by the way of administration.

Our study has only adapted the children's version of the KIDSCREEN-27. The parent's version has not been adapted to LSE since, as is the case in general,20 most deaf children's parents were hearing, and we would not have a sufficient number of families to validate and adapted the adult version of the instrument.

We believe the KIDSCREEN-27 in LSE will provide a valid and reliable instrument to measure the impact of deafness on HRQoL in children and adolescents, and will serve as an outcome measure in intervention studies in which HRQoL is one of the objectives.

What is known about the topic?

  • Deaf people have limited or no reading skills, thus self-administered questionnaires in written language are not suitable for them. However, they can understand psychological tests if they are administered in sign language. No health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument has been translated and adapted for Spanish deaf children and adolescents, neither the HRQoL of this population has been tested by any study in Spain.

What is added?

  • This is the first study to validate a sign language version of a HRQoL questionnaire adapted to a population from 8 to 18 years with hearing impairment. The KIDSCREEN-27 in Spanish Sign Language will provide a valid and reliable instrument to measure the impact of deafness on HRQoL in children and adolescents, and will serve for intervention studies including HRQoL as an outcome measure.

Contributions of authorship

M.J. Pardo-Guijarro and V. Martínez-Vizcaíno devised and coordinated the project, and assisted in data acquisition and interpretation. P. Moya-Martínez contributed in the design of the web tool. M. Martínez-Andrés contributed in the field work and revised the manuscript. B. Woll and E.E. Cortés-Ramírez advised the team in all the stages. All authors contributed ideas, reviewed drafts of the manuscript, contributed to drafting and approved the final version. M.J. Pardo-Guijarro and V. Martínez-Vizcaíno had full access to all of the data in the study and they are the responsible for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis, and will act as guarantors.

Funding

Health and Social Research Centre, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.

Conflicts of interest

None.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the various centers (local education authorities, schools, high schools, National Confederation of Deaf People [CNSE], federations and associations of deaf people, and federations and associations of parents and friends of deaf children) for their contribution and involvement in this project. We also thank all the deaf children and adolescents and their families who participated in the study for their generous collaboration.

References
[1]
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Encuesta de discapacidad, autonomía personal y situaciones de dependencia (EDAD). Año 2008. Notas de prensa [Internet]. Madrid (Spain): Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Accessed 09/09/2011.) Available from: http://www.ine.es/prensa/np524.pdf.
[2]
I.M. Muñoz, M.T. Ruiz, C. Álvarez, et al.
Comunidades sordas: ¿pacientes o ciudadanas?.
[3]
M. Wheatley, A. Pabsch.
Sign language legislation in the European Union.
EUD, (2010),
[4]
European Union of the Deaf. Spain: National Confederation of Deaf People (CNSE) [Internet]. Brussels (Belgium): European Union of the Deaf. (Accessed 27/06/2012.) Available from: http://www.eud.eu/Spain-i-201.html.
[5]
R. Sutton-Spence, B. Woll.
The linguistics of British sign language: an introduction.
Cambridge University Press, (1999),
[6]
A. Herrero.
Gramática didáctica de la lengua de signos española (LSE).
Ediciones SM, (2009),
[7]
European Union of the Deaf. 2010 Brussels declaration on sign languages in the European Union [Internet]. Brussels (Belgium): European Union of the Deaf. (Accessed 27/06/2012.) Available from: http://www.eud.eu/Brussels_Declaration-i-305.html.
[8]
Barnett S, McKee M, Smith SR, et al. Deaf sign language users, health inequities, and public health: opportunity for social justice. Prev Chronic Dis [electronic edition]. 2011. (Accessed 24/06/2012.) Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/mar/10_0065.htm.
[9]
Fellinger J, Holzinger D, Pollard R. Mental health of deaf people. Lancet [electronic edition]. 2012. (Accessed 25/06/2012.) Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61143-4/fulltext.
[10]
J. Fellinger, D. Holzinger, H. Sattel, et al.
Mental health and quality of life in deaf pupils.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 17 (2008), pp. 414-423
[11]
M. Huber.
Health-related quality of life of Austrian children and adolescents with cochlear implants.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 69 (2005), pp. 1089-1101
[12]
A. Keilmann, A. Limberger, W.J. Mann.
Psychological and physical well-being in hearing-impaired children.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 71 (2007), pp. 1747-1752
[13]
Rajmil L, Estrada MD, Herdman M, et al. Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en la infancia y la adolescencia: revisión de la bibliografía y de los instrumentos adaptados en España. Gac Sanit [electronic edition]. 2001. (Accessed 19/07/2011.) Available from: http://www.elsevier.es/sites/default/files/elsevier/pdf/138/138v15nSupl.4a13032879pdf001.pdf.
[14]
U. Ravens-Sieberer, A. Gosch, T. Abel, et al.
Quality of life in children and adolescents: a European public health perspective.
Soz Präventivmed, 46 (2001), pp. 294-302
[15]
M. Aymerich, S. Berra, I. Guillamón, et al.
Desarrollo de la versión en español del KIDSCREEN, un cuestionario de calidad de vida para la población infantil y adolescente.
Gac Sanit, 19 (2005), pp. 93-102
[16]
Tebe C, Berra S, Herdman M, et al. Fiabilidad y validez de la versión española del KIDSCREEN-52 para población infantil y adolescente. Med Clin (Barc). [electronic edition]. 2008. (Accessed 19/07/2011.) Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13120999.
[17]
R. Conrad.
The deaf school child.
Harper and Row, (1979),
[18]
M. Marschark, M. Harris.
Success and failure in learning to read: the special case of deaf children.
Reading comprehension disabilities: processes and intervention, pp. 279-300
[19]
Domínguez AB, Alegría J. Reading mechanisms in orally educated deaf adults. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. [electronic edition]. 2009. (Accessed 28/06/2012.) Available from: http://jdsde.oxfordjournals.org; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enp033.
[20]
Libro blanco de la lengua de signos española en el sistema educativo.,
[21]
J. Fellinger, D. Holzinger, U. Dobner, et al.
An innovative and reliable way of measuring health-related quality of life and mental distress in the deaf community.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40 (2005), pp. 245-250
[22]
U. Ravens-Sieberer, A. Gosch, L. Rajmil, et al.
KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents.
Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res, 5 (2005), pp. 353-364
[23]
The KIDSCREEN Group Europe.
The KIDSCREEN questionnaires - Quality of life questionnaires for children and adolescents. Handbook.
Pabst Science Publishers, (2006),
[24]
Asociación Médica Mundial (AMM). Declaración de Helsinki (DoH Oct2008). Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos [Internet]. Ferney-Voltaire (Francia): AMM. (Accessed 16/04/2009.) Available from: http://www.wma.net/s/ethicsunit/helsinki.htm.
[25]
Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal. LO N.° 15/1999 (13 diciembre 1999).
[26]
Real Decreto por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de desarrollo de la Ley Orgánica 15/1999, de 13 de diciembre, de protección de datos de carácter personal. RD N.° 1720/2007.(21 diciembre 2007).
[27]
S. Robitail, U. Ravens-Sieberer, M.C. Simeoni, et al.
Testing the structural and cross-cultural validity of the KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life questionnaire.
Qual Life Res, 16 (2007), pp. 1335-1345
[28]
S. Silva, J. Madeira, B. Soussa.
There is more to color scales than meets the eye: a review on the use of color in visualization.
Information visualization 2007. IV ’07, pp. 943-950
[29]
B.M. Byrne.
Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications and programming.
Taylor and Francis Group, (2010),
[30]
L. Hu, P.M. Bentler.
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling.
A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1999), pp. 1-55
[31]
U. Ravens-Sieberer, P. Auquier, M. Erhart, et al.
The KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries.
Qual Life Res, 16 (2007), pp. 1347-1356
[32]
Urzúa A, Cortés E, Vega S, et al. Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de auto reporte de la calidad de vida KIDSCREEN-27 en adolescentes chilenos. Terapia psicológica [electronic edition]. 2009. (Accessed 19/07/2011.) Available from: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=78511885008.
[33]
J. Fellinger, D. Holzinger, U. Dobner, et al.
Mental distress and quality of life in a deaf population.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40 (2005), pp. 737-742
[34]
J. Fellinger, D. Holzinger, J. Gerich, et al.
Mental distress and quality of life in the hard of hearing.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 115 (2007), pp. 243-245
Copyright © 2012. SESPAS
Idiomas
Gaceta Sanitaria
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?